Mamattah, Sophie
The roles of space, place and agency in shaping case study research
This paper sets out to investigate the impact of location/locality on the outcomes of field research. The consequent significance of location/ place for studies based upon qualitative case study data is then discussed. The paper takes as its focus the experience of gathering semi-structured interview data among ethnic German Russians in Ul’ianovsk over a period of four months (April-August 2006). The factors shaping the overall dynamic of the Russian-German community construction in Ul’ianovsk are presented and the implication of these considerations for group cohesion is outlined. Findings are interwoven with reflections on the process of collecting data in the prevailing setting. It is argued that a combination of circumstances specific to Ul’ianovsk have given rise to poor community cohesion which, in turn, directly influences ‘agency’ of group members both communally and individually. An understanding of agency has emerged as a vital aspect of the analysis of the data collected thus the constraints placed upon its development within this group are of particular interest. In this regard, place as a socio-cultural setting, has played an important role in framing the study. The peculiarities of the site can, therefore, cannot be ignored when considering the factors which contribute to the outcomes of the case study.  

Marijanovic, Irena
On the relationship of orthography in the 1629 Oktoikh to Smotryckyj’s codification of allographs in Grammatiki 
This paper examines the extent to which the principle of orthographic differentiation of allographs, that is alternative forms of a letter, as outlined in Meletij Smotryckyj’s Grammatiki Slavenskija pravilnoe sintagma (1619), was applied in the 1629 Oktoikh. I consider how consistently these precepts were followed with regard to disambiguation of homonymic grammatical forms and lexemes as well as rules governing the distribution of allographs relative to their position within a word, surrounding letters, etc. In addition, I touch upon a related issue of graphic expression of Greek loan words in the same text. Ultimately harking back to Greek usage, this practice was first espoused by the South Slavonic literary tradition, whence it was introduced in the Church Slavonic texts of East Slavonic provenance (Uspenskij, 2002). The application of this principle was not meant to encompass the whole body of the language but only when ambiguity, engendered by homonymy, could give rise to heretical or blasphemous statements. By the beginning of the 17^th century the imminent danger of heresy, posed by the confusion of homonymic linguistic elements, was absent from theological debate – the principle of orthographic differentiation was nevertheless preserved, having now only orthographic significance (Mathiesen, 1972). The evidence from the 1629 Oktoikh suggests that whereas rules governing the choice of a particular grapheme with regard to its position and/or surroundings are upheld with an almost invariable consistency, the same uniformity is lacking when these are meant to distinguish between grammatical/lexical forms, and to a certain extent in rendition of Greek words.

Markesinis, Eugenie
‘Siniavskii and Pasternak: Autobiography as Literature’
The main point of reference of this paper is Siniavskii, focussing on the manner in which he translated his life into art as Tertz. The connection with Pasternak emerged during the course of my study of Siniavskii and seemed to offer particular insights into the way Siniavskii approached not only his ‘autobiographical novel’ but also his fantastic literary criticism. Not only did Pasternak, in his early, autobiographical work, Okhrannaia gramota, give the example of the creative and deliberate crossing of genre boundaries, in speaking through others he also offered the paradigm of withdrawal from a position of authority within the text that was to be a guiding principle of Siniavskii’s work, the artistic and ethical core of his art. I intend to show how Siniavskii applied this to Pasternak himself, not only drawing inspiration from his art but speaking through him, identifying with him.  The principle works referred to are Tertz’s Progulki s Pushkinym and Spokoinoi nochi and Pasternak’s Okhrannaia gramota, with some reference also to Doktor Zhivago.

Markova, Angelina Slavcheva
Deverbal Nominals in Bulgarian: A Syntactic Analysis
The current work treats the topic of Bulgarian nominalizations in the Principles and Parameters framework. I suggest that noun formation results from the Merger of a nominalizing head [nº] with a root or a stem, where [nº] can be either a gender morpheme or a derivational suffix with inherent gender. The different behavior of nominalizations is explained by a difference in syntactic structure. I also show that without event structure, there is no argument structure and that we can distinguish between argument-structure, participant-structure and result nominals (cf. Grimshaw 1990). Another topic examined in this work is the type of movement operations involved in the nominalizing process. Thus, I will show that the right sequence of suffixes inside the Bulgarian nominalizations is obtained by phrasal movement exclusively (cf. Cinque (2000, 2005), Mahajan (2000), and Ferrari (2005)). Concerning this issue, I will show that we have no need to postulate head movement to account for the right sequence of prefixes neither. Rather, I will propose that prefixes don’t move in syntax but simply stack together with the constituent found below the projection hosting the prefix. Finally, I will also show that aspectual inheritance takes place in the nominalizing process in Bulgarian where the presence of the imperfective suffix inside some nominals (-NE nouns) allows them to systematically denote processes and hence accept atelic modifiers. However, I will show that (a)telicity also depends on some properties of the lexical item (the presence or not of perfectivizing prefixes, the presence of telic PPs, etc.). 

Marsh, Cynthia
The silence of the gull(s): the reality of translating Chekhov for the British stage
This paper examines the processes of translating Chekhov’s plays for the British stage. There is an implicit paradox. What ostensibly aims to enrich the host culture, in reality involves a succession of silences and gaps imposed onto the source text and/or the inscription of a set of new articulations taken from the target language and culture. Between the silencing and the inscription, a new space opens up: the process of stripping away the cultural baggage lays bare the source text, readying it perhaps for fresh insights.  Taking Chekhov’s Seagull as a starting point, this paper probes the losses and gains of translation. It poses the question whether, despite Chekhov’s own misgivings about translation, the process of cultural transfer implicit in translation in fact may bring new understandings of Chekhov’s plays.  Can we, for example, explore afresh the dramatic form as it emerges from a translated text which has its cultural expression to some extent silenced?   In this way, perhaps paradoxically, silence is a productive, transcreative element in translation for the stage.

Marsh, Rosalind
The ‘New Political Novel’
Most western commentators claim that literature and politics have moved irrevocably apart into two separate spheres in the post-Soviet period. However, this paper will argue that the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the new millennium have witnessed the emergence of what I would term ‘the new political novel’, encompassing writers of many different political viewpoints – from Aleksandr Prokhanov’s national-patriotic and anarcho-communist attacks on governmental mechanisms of oppression to Aleksandr Tsvetkov’s hostility to global capitalist production and the power of the mass media. This suggests that literature is once again becoming politicized in Russia, perhaps because people living in Putin’s ‘managed dem­ocracy’ feel they are as remote from the levers of power as they were in the Soviet period. One new type of nationalist fiction to be discussed is the imperskii roman (‘imperial novel’), practised by younger writers such as Pavel Krusanov and Dmitrii Bykov, which advocates a strong state and imperial expansionism. The popularity in contemporary Russia of committed literature about contemporary  political history has been demonstrated by a national-patriotic novel, Aleksandr Prokhanov’s Gospodin Geksogen (Mr Hexogen, 2002), winner of the National Bestseller Prize in 2002, which satirizes the major political events that occurred in Russia from spring 1999 to early 2000.. The debate over Prokhanov’s novel demonstrates that in the twenty-first century literature still had the power to provoke significant political discussion and controversy in Russia, although it is debatable whether it exerted a major impact on public opinion or the policies of the political leaders.

Mavromatidis, Fotis
Russian foreign policy and the Balkans
From the end of 1990s and under the Putin presidency, Russia seems to be struggling to reestablishment its position in international politics as global (or regional) superpower. To that end it is using energy as its prime tool, along with its enhancing military capability. In addition, the Russian state with its new formed wealth, where the president would seem to enjoy a monopoly of political power, is looking increasingly capable of fulfilling that role. Within this framework, the current paper argues that the Balkans are one of the main fields where this ‘new’ Russian foreign policy is being exercised. To demonstrate this, the paper will examine the Kosovo issue and the increasing number of energy projects and actions of Russia in the Balkans, which are transforming the region as a bridge for the connecting Russian energy sources to the EU.

McGarry, Aidan
Ethnopolitical Representation in Context: Romani Political Parties in Hungary and Romania
This paper examines Romani political representation in a comparative analysis between ethnic minority parties in Hungary and Romania. Since the collapse of communism, ethnic political parties have emerged in Central and Eastern European states as minorities have seized control of the new opportunities which the transition to democracy has offered. Roma are the most disparate and disadvantaged minority group in Europe and their inability to construct adequate representation structures has resulted in their deprived socio-economic and political status. This paper maintains that tribal politics is indicative of a fractured society and the challenge for Roma is to create representation structures (such as political parties) through which they can articulate their shared interests. Romani political parties invoke the ethnic group identity of Roma to secure votes from the electorate, however, in both Hungary and Romania Romani political parties have failed to garner adequate support. In each state Roma represent a sizeable minority group but they have been unable to translate their demographic weight into parliamentary representation. Although widely assumed to possess a stable group identity the Roma are a heterogeneous minority group and this diversity has resulted in fragmentation and factionalism characterising Roma representation. Furthermore, due to legal idiosyncrasies it is questionable whether Romani political parties even exist in Hungary and Romania, and they could more accurately be described as political associations or political non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Hungary and Romania have pursued specific minority protection trajectories in terms of constitutional provisions and legislative interventions which allows for fruitful comparison. As a further step this paper inquires whether a representative of the Roma ought be of Romani ethnic origin.

Medda-Windischer, Roberta
International Human Rights Law as Reference for Minority Integration
Questions con­cerning how national minorities can be integrated in society are among the most salient and vexing on the polit­ical agenda of many countries, including CEEC. The growing diversity of national communities has generated pressures for the construction of new and more defensible forms of accommodating social cohesion and diversity.  The model defended in this study for integrating minority groups living in a community is strictly anchored to minority protection and human rights standards and the scrutiny of international bodies, in particular the European Court of Human Rights. The model for minority integration proposed in this study recognises the diversity of minorities as a legitimate and valued part of the community, but with the limit of human rights standards. By making minorities to identify with the broader community it acquires both the right to demand their loyalty and support, and the power to mobilise their moral and emotional energies. Minority rights, along with human rights, represent important tools for the integration of minorities as they create a legal framework in which minorities´ claims, recognised within the limits provided by the national and international standards, and the more general concerns for unity, cohesion, security and public order can be accommodated in a ´institutionalised` dialogue in which a supranational body such as the Strasbourg Court, in close cooperation with national courts, acts as objective and neutral third party.

Meszerics, Tamás
Uncalled Bluffs: Drawing the Wrong Lessons from the Berlin Crisis of 1948 and Suez
The paper intends to analyze two well-known and much commented crises from a less often considered angle. Both the Berlin crisis of 1948 and the Suez crisis involved a barely concealed nuclear threat. In the first case the transfer of the B-29 bombers to Great Britain in July was meant to signal the resolve of the Truman administration as these planes were supposed to be capable of carrying atomic bombs. In the second, Khrushchev’s much less subtle public allusions to nuclear missiles meant to convey the same intentions. Both were bluffs, however. The B-29s were not modified to be nuclear-capable and the Soviet Union did not have a true first-strike capability at the time of these barely veiled threats. More importantly, we have indirect proofs in the Berlin case and strong indications in the Suez case, that the opponent had reliable intelligence that these gestures were pure bluff. In order to protect their sources neither side chose to reveal that they were aware of the emptiness of these threats.  Consequently both Truman and Khrushchev drew a seriously mistaken conclusion. The image of a reckless Soviet leadership willing to take any risks on the one hand, and a “soft” Western attitude towards the Middle East entered into the beliefs of the superpowers for about a decade. Not simply the absence of information, but rather the lack of “common knowledge” was responsible for these deep misperceptions.

Miazhevich, Galina
Post/Soviet Phantoms:  Official Media Discourse and the Identification Strategies of Belarusian Entrepreneurs
Belarus, which lies at the periphery of the former Soviet empire and functions as a borderland (pogranichje) between Europe and Eurasia, demonstrates one of the most extreme examples of “distorted” transition. In addition to preserving numerous elements of the former political, nepotistic and quota based state-controlled systems, the slow restructuring of the inherited system of communist institutions in Belarus is coupled with the state’s attempt at conserving the phenomenon of “Soviet” Belarus. Exploration of identity positions most likely to be manifested within the current state ideological management leads us to consider the emerging new societal stratum of business people. The question posed in this paper is how the officially sanctioned set of meanings linked to entrepreneurship interrelates with the identity positions of entrepreneurs themselves. The study, which is based on the extensive field work involving series of in-depth semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, demonstrates how entrepreneurial ‘identifications’ are influenced both by the hegemonic discourse of state sanctioned media and counter-hegemonic attitudes towards past (Soviet/transition), foreign (Russian, Western) and regional cultures.

Myhill, John
Pan-Slavism, Pan-Germanism, and the Causes of the First World War
Pan-Slavism and Pan-Germanism are commonly cited as competing ideologies, particularly in the years leading up to the outbreak of the First World War (Fischer 1965, Hewitson 2004, Fromkin 2005.). But a linguistically sensitive analysis shows that these two ideologies manifested entirely different mindsets and resulted in radically different behavior. Pan-Slavism was associated with constructing a large number of distinctive standard languages (Czech, Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, etc.), Ausbausprachen in the terminology of Kloss 1967, each of which represented a relatively small range of spoken dialects, while Pan-Germanism assumed a single standard German language which represented a wide variety of mutually unintelligible dialects (a Dachsprache). Pan-Slavism thus encouraged the development of a number of distinctive and autonomous nationalities, each of which focused upon controlling the territory in which it lived, while Pan-Germanism was designed to construct a single, huge nationality which could project maximal power. Austrians and Germans were deluded by their own belief that distant linguistic ties ultimately determine political loyalties into thinking that the Slavs felt the same way, and this made them fear that the small Slavic peoples of the Balkans—the Serbs and the Bulgarians—would inevitably drift into the Russian sphere of influence and eventually take the Habsburg Slavs—the Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Croats—with them, if extraordinary measures were not taken to control them. This was why they believed that it was necessary to attempt to crush Serbia in 1914 even at the cost of starting a continent-wide war.

Lassalle, Paul and Naczyk, Marek
Both restless and conventional : Polish far right youth movement Młodzież Wszechpolska
Numerous studies in political science have been carried out on the recent resurgence of far right political parties in Western and Central Europe, but the activists in such movements have been largely ignored. A recent study directed by Bert Klandermans and Nonna Mayer (2006) has attempted to fill this gap by examining far right movements through the lens of new social movement analysis. Our aim is to apply this approach to a Polish far right youth movement – Mlodziez Wszechpolska (the All Polish Youth). This movement already existed in the 1920s and 1930s, but it was reactivated in 1989, just after the collapse of communism, by Roman Giertych – the current leader of the ultra-conservative League of Polish Families (LPR). It uses the classic nationalist themes of the 1920s and at the same time has adapted its ideology to the new post-communist context. Its leitmotiv is the rejection of post-communist elites and a will to replace them with a new ‘patriotic’ elite. This leads Mlodziez Wszechpolska to adopt a paradoxical way of doing politics. On the one hand, it positions itself as an anti-system movement – which organises violent demonstrations – and on the other hand, it seeks to conquer power by participating in the democratic parliamentary game. This paper will aim to provide a better understanding of how such a movement is able to reconcile these contradictory repertoires of political participation.

Naletova, Inna
Muslims and Orthodox Christians in Bulgaria: Religiosity and Values
The paper compares religiosity and values of the Muslim minority and the Orthodox Christian majority in Bulgaria based on the data of a survey of religion and values AUFBRUCH-2. The survey was conducted in 14 East European countries in the Fall 2007, and it is based on the representative samples of respondents (18+) in each country. In Bulgaria: 1032 respondents were interviewed, among whom 81% were Orthodox Christians and 12% Muslims. Bulgaria, the only Orthodox-oriented Eastern European society with the large and influential minority of Muslims, represents a unique case for analysis of the majority-minority relations within the situation of a general rise of importance of religion and the population’s interest to religious issues and institutions. The survey data offer us a wide range of issues for investigation, including the attitudes of respondents towards churches and mosques, and their views on the religious rights of Muslims/Christians in their country. The levels of religious education of both, Christians and Muslims in Bulgaria can be compared and the role of parents in religious education investigated. The differences in religious life-stiles of both groups can be analyzed in detail: prayer, fasting practices and pilgrimages, attendance of religious institutions and the level of individuals’ participation in the life of these institutions. The data also allow us to reflect about the national pride in these different religious groups and to compare the views of Christians and Muslims on the role of religion in Europe.

Nicholson, Michael
Solzhenitsyn’s Literary Evolution from the 1930s to the 1950s
The first redaction of the novel V kruge pervom was begun in 1955 after Solzhenitsyn’s release from labour camp, and it marked his return to long prose following an enforced sojourn in verse (for mnemonic/conspiratorial purposes) and an intriguing voluntary apprenticeship in drama.  It was this novel, rather than the inspired accident of the later Ivan Denisovich that can be said to have inaugurated the fiction of Solzhenitsyn’s maturity, and it is with the literary endeavours that form a background to the emergence of V kruge pervom that the present paper is concerned.   Solzhenitsyn lifted the veil in 1999 when his published collection, Proterevshi glaza, brought together works of various genres, written during his captivity and exile.  The present paper casts further back, surveying Solzhenitsyn’s literary efforts from the late 1920s, and drawing attention to such unpublished works and fragments as the theatrical povest’, Mikhail Snegov (1932-34); Lastochka (1938-39) — a substantial fragment of a long novel in verse, which predates his memorized camp poema, Dorozhen’ka, by a decade; and two significant fragments of long prose based on Solzhenitsyn’s wartime experiences —the novel Shestoi kurs (1944) and the unpublished first redaction of the povest’ Lyubi Revolyutsiyu, composed by Solzhenitsyn during his imprisonment in the Marfino sharashka in 1948.  The last two items are stages in his path from the autobiographical first person and the linear, ‘teleological’ impulse of his youth, towards the polyphonic, paratactic strategies and the mythologized spaces characteristic of his better-known works.

Ninoshvili, Lauren
A Popular Music Soundtrack to National Revolution: The Case of Georgia’s “Rain Musicians”
Georgia’s “Rose Revolution” was remarkable not only as the first in a series of peaceful power turnovers in the former USSR, but as the culmination of a political movement propelled by university students.  For the first time in Georgian history, popular culture proved a key political instrument, beginning from the nationwide, pre-parliamentary election “get out the vote” campaign, to the post-election “Help Your Country” concert in Tbilisi, and finally to the demonstrations that forced Eduard Shevardnadze’s resignation.  This paper traces the role a handful of popular Georgian bands, dubbed “Rain Musicians” in recognition of their loyal support to protestors through the late November damp and cold, played in Georgia’s revolution.  Central to my argument is the tension between the cultural-nationalist ideologies espoused by the dissident leadership (current president Mikheil Saakashvili et al.) and the expressive content of the Rain Musicians’ revolution-rallying repertoire.  Far from representing Georgia in musical terms a propos of the opposition’s cultural-nationalist discourse, the Rain Musicians’ songs were brimming with non-indigenous musical material.  The music of folk-rock ensemble Soft Eject, for example, was and is heavily influenced by Irish folk song and European orchestral instrumentation; more often than not it features English-language lyrics.  I suggest that the Rain Musicians were effective in Georgia’s recent transformation because they empowered an ascendant generation of key political actors through a mode of cultural expression with which they could identify—a mode both locally and globally sensitive.

Nisonen, Riikka
The Prague Spring of Science
When Eastern Europe slowly increased its Western cooperation in the late 1950s, Czechoslovakia interpreted the new goals much freer than the other Eastern European countries. Characteristically, in the realm of science the mid 1960s have been called “the new coming of Czechoslovak science”. Science and technology were important weapons of the Cold War, essential in the competition between the blocs and strengthening one’s own hegemony. Yet the cooperation with the West formed a permanent dilemma for a socialist state.  The paper will consist of two parts. Firstly, it deals with Czechoslovak science in the national and international context. On the one hand, what was the impact of the “Prague Spring” politics on natural sciences and the increasing Western cooperation? On the other hand, what was the role of science in justifying reforms? Although reforms were brought to an end by the “normalisation” measures, the motives for increased Western cooperation form an important background also for the post-1989 developments. Secondly, the paper sheds light on the “behind the scenes” level: intentions, motives and practises of individual scientists. By comparing official and unofficial levels, the paper examines the role of natural sciences as part of the liberalisation process. To what extent could prominent scientists stretch the limits set by the state in their strivings to establish and maintain contacts with the West?  Based on archival sources and oral history interviews, the paper offers new empirical evidence on the East West cooperation. 

Nørgård-Sørensen, Jens
Animacy as the dominant grammatical category of the Russian noun
Animacy is often referred to as a subgender, i.e., a distinction operating within gender and with a more limited domain than gender. This is obviously so in some Slavic languages, e.g., Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian (Corbett 1991: 161-65). However, a similar interpretation is not applicable to modern Russian. I shall argue that when it comes to the mental prominence of grammatical features animacy is the dominant category of Russian nouns. The argument will be based on four facts. First, it can be shown that animacy, unlike gender, is prominent in any occurrence of a Russian noun. Second, gender assignment is sometimes dependant on the animacy value of the noun, while the opposite is never the case. Third, person-denoting nouns, a subcategory of animate nouns, constitute a noun class with their own specific set of grammatical features tending to spread to animate nouns in general. Fourth, certain types of gender variation can be shown to reflect the animacy distinction. In the presentation I shall present these quite different types of data and argue that they can all be interpreted as reflecting the dominant status of animacy in the Russian noun system.

Oates-Indruchová, Libora
Representing Researchers: Issues in Doing Research on Publishing and Censorship in Social Sciences in post-1968 Czech Republic
Conducting research of post-1968 academic publishing and censorship in the Czech Republic brought to light issues of methodology and written presentation originating in the sensitive nature of the project. The research consisted of interviews with academics who had been active in research and published between 1968 and 1989 within official structures and who continued to be respected by their peers also in the post-1989 times. The power hierarchy between the interviewer and the interviewees, the vested interests of the interviewees in the research subject, and the different generational positioning of the researcher and the interviewees produced specific difficulties which had to be addressed during the interviews and, particularly, in the written output. This paper will propose the construction of a polyphonic text with distinct narrative features as a way of preserving the tensions and ambiguities of the interview narratives and the different generational positions of the research participants. Such treatment of the research material will also foreground the research process itself, and thus achieve complex mapping out of research conditions and professional survival in post-1968 social sciences.

Ochman, Ewa
Pluralisation of the Memory of World War Two in Post-1989 Poland
In Poland the post-1989 re-remembering of the past has focused in large part on events from the Second World War which were falsified or excluded from history textbooks in the communist period. The revision of the past has been undertaken through state orchestrated and sponsored commemorative initiatives as well as by means of non-official forms of collective remembrance. Frequently these initiatives have been utilised or appropriated for legitimising strategies by groups in power in post-communist Poland. The newly discovered memory has been employed to influence international relations, to shape domestic politics, to encourage regional cooperation and to determine the process of formation of new post-communist identity. However, the commemorative initiatives have been used selectively by divergent agencies on national, regional and local levels. The divergence of agencies has ensured a certain pluralization of the politics of memory especially in regional and local arenas. Additionally, this pluralization of official memory has intensified in the recent years due to the territorial and administrative reforms introduced by the post-Solidarity governments which increased the power of regional and local self-governments.  Consequently, it is the municipality which is increasingly in charge of historical memory in Poland. This article will explore the process of the pluralization of the official memory of the Second World War in Poland that occurred since the collapse of communism. It will focus on remembrance initiatives concerned with the Red Army soldiers - the contentious liberators of Poland in 1944-45 and the Polish-Soviet past.

Oldfield, Jonathan
Russian intellectual contributions to the international environmental process: UNESCO and the Biosphere conference of 1968
This paper considers the nature of Russian intellectual contributions to the early international environment process via an analysis of the UNESCO 1968 Biosphere Conference and related events.

Omel’chenko, Elena
UI’ianovsk patriotism: youth narratives and civic participation
Внимание российского политического эстеблишмента вот уже три года обращено к поиску путей формирования нового патриотического сознания. Мишень – российская молодежь. Используются самые различные каналы и техники воздействия и манипуляции патриотическими настроениями, происходит мобилизация энтузиазма через вовлечение молодежи в различные политические партии и движения. Особую остроту этим поискам придает приближение момента президентских выборов, с которым многие полит аналитики связывают будущие перемены в российском обществе ( как позитивные, так и негативные). В предлагаемом сообщении будут предложен анализ исследований, проведенных НИЦ «Регион» в г Ульяновске и Ульяновской области в 2005-6 гг. Проекты были посвящены изучению социального самочувствия и настроения городской и сельской молодежи. Вопрос  о содержании патриотических чувств и настроений российской молодежи был одним из ключевых в этих исследованиях. Усиленная девальвация советских патриотических ценностей в период перестройки привело к  определенному патриотическому вакууму. Не случайно сегодня о современном смысле патриотизма спорят не только политики, но и ученые. Как воспитывать патриотизм и при этом не подогревать националистические чувства? Что значит любить Родину или свой город? Что может служить основой единства? Как формировать национальную (этническую) идентичность и при этом не затрагивать национальные чувства  других народов? В фокусе сообщения будут наиболее интересные и противоречивые мнения молодежи о смысле нового патриотического сознания и соответствующих им практиках.